![](https://www.businessmarketinsights.com/assets/img/reports-icon.png)
北美漱口水市场预测至 2027 年 - COVID-19 影响和按产品类型(氟化物、化妆品、防腐剂和口腔凝胶)、风味(活性盐、薄荷茶、天然柠檬、香草、水果和口香糖)进行的区域分析,适应症(口腔溃疡、口疮、口腔手术后、口腔病变、牙周炎、牙龈炎、牙龈萎缩、经常口干、慢性口臭、牙痛)、分销渠道(大型超市、超级市场、网店、独立药房/药店、医院)药房和独立杂货店)和最终用户(成人和儿童)
市场介绍
北美漱口水市场高度分散 市场拥有相当多的区域和本地参与者,为投资该市场领域的公司提供众多解决方案。龋齿的高发病率也主要推动了市场的发展。根据美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)2015年的统计,美国20-64岁人口中91%患有龋齿,其中27%仍未得到治疗。这导致对口腔护理产品的需求不断增长;从而促进市场增长。口腔溃疡是人群中的常见病;据估计,美国的患病率为 4%,北美人口的 25% 被认为患有口疮性溃疡,这是口腔溃疡的常见原因之一。此外,世界各地牙医越来越多地推荐治疗鼠疫和牙龈炎,这也推动了漱口水市场的增长。此外,漱口水中使用的抗菌成分如西吡啶、氯己定和精油已被证明与日常刷牙和使用牙线结合使用可以减少牙菌斑和牙龈炎。此外,漱口水可以促进口腔健康并改善呼吸,因为它含有氟化物,有助于减少蛀牙和牙齿脱矿。氟化物漱口水含有0.05%的氟化钠,足以避免蛀牙。此外,草药漱口水作为牙龈炎患者日常口腔卫生的补充,在牙菌斑和炎症控制方面具有潜在的益处。龋齿、牙龈炎和牙菌斑等牙齿问题的日益流行是预计未来几年推动市场增长的重要因素之一。
虽然持续的COVID-19大流行不会对口腔护理市场产生太大影响,漱口水市场预计也不会受到大流行的重大影响。然而,由于为控制病毒传播和拉平曲线而实施的封锁和限制行动,分销渠道可能会受到干扰。社交距离协议和检疫措施导致消费者购买模式从店内转向网上,这将反映在口腔护理/口腔卫生产品的销售中。在此期间,市场主要参与者继续进行生产活动,从而维持了市场的增长。
市场概况和Dynamics
北美漱口水市场预计将从2020年的27.0273亿美元增长到2027年的39.1191亿美元;预计 2020 年至 2027 年复合年增长率为 5.4%。近年来,北美口腔护理产品的零售业发生了显着的转变。在线零售商逐渐优于传统分销商、零售商和药店。通过电子商务门户网站购买口腔护理产品具有多种优势,例如以相对较低的价格提供多品牌口腔护理产品、购买方便且免费送货。通过电子商务销售口腔护理产品的成功促使主要市场参与者加大对这些渠道的投资。此外,在商店销售产品的大商家也在网上销售产品。例如,Hello 通过 Amazon.com Inc.、iHerb.com、Thrive Market 和 Grove Collective 等电子商务商家以及通过其自己的直接面向消费者的网站 Hello-Products.com 以及零售店销售其产品销售量。这些网站累计约占其总销售额的 15%。此外,Hello-Products.com 于 2017 年推出了电子商务功能。
主要细分市场
<从产品类型来看,化妆品细分市场在2020年北美漱口水市场中占据最大份额。从口味来看,薄荷鲜茶细分市场在2020年北美漱口水市场中占据最大份额。据显示,慢性口臭细分市场在2020年北美漱口水市场中占据最大份额。从分销渠道来看,大卖场细分市场在2020年北美漱口水市场中占据最大份额。用户方面,成人细分市场在 2020 年北美漱口水市场中占据最大份额。主要来源和上市公司
准备这份北美漱口水市场报告时提到的一些主要的一手和二手来源包括公司网站、年度报告、财务报告、国家政府文件和统计数据库等。报告中列出的主要公司包括高露洁棕榄公司、宝洁公司等。甘布尔、葛兰素史克公司、联合利华、强生服务公司、喜马拉雅制药公司、狮子公司、安利、Church & Co. Dwight, Inc. 和 SmartMouth 口腔健康实验室。
购买报告的理由
- 了解北美漱口水市场格局并确定最有可能保证强劲回报的细分市场
- 保持领先地位了解北美漱口水市场不断变化的竞争格局
- 通过识别最有可能销售前景的细分市场,有效规划北美漱口水市场的并购和合作交易
- 通过对北美漱口水市场各个细分市场的市场表现进行敏锐和全面的分析,有助于做出明智的业务决策
- 获得北美地区2019-2027年各个细分市场的市场收入预测。
- 获得北美地区各个细分市场的市场收入预测。 li>
北美漱口水市场细分
北美漱口水市场-By 产品类型
- 氟化物
- < span>化妆品
- 防腐剂
- 口服凝胶
< strong>北美漱口水市场-按口味
- 活性盐
- 薄荷新鲜茶
- 天然柠檬
- 香草
- 水果和口香糖
北美漱口水市场 - 按适应症
- 口腔溃疡
- 口疮性溃疡
- 口腔手术后
- 口腔病变
- 牙周炎
- 牙龈炎
- 牙龈退缩
- 经常口干
- 慢性口臭
- 牙痛
北美漱口水市场 - 按分销渠道
- 大卖场
- 超市
- 网上商店
- 独立药房/药店
- 医院药房
- 独立杂货店
北区美国漱口水市场 - 按最终用户
- 成人
- 儿童
北美漱口水市场 –按国家/地区
- 美国
- 加拿大
- 墨西哥
北美漱口水市场 –公司简介
- 高露洁棕榄公司
- 宝洁公司甘布尔
- 葛兰素史克公司
- 联合利华
- 强生服务公司
- 喜马拉雅制药公司
- 狮子公司
- 安利
- 教堂和教堂Dwight, Inc.
- SmartMouth 口腔健康实验室
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Scope of the Study
1.2 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.3 Market Segmentation
1.3.1 North America Mouthwash Market – By Product Type
1.3.2 North America Mouthwash Market – By Flavours
1.3.3 North America Mouthwash Market – By Indication
1.3.4 North America Mouthwash Market – By Distribution Channel
1.3.5 North America Mouthwash Market – By End User
1.3.6 North America Mouthwash Market – By Country
2. Mouthwash Market – Key Takeaways
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Coverage
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research
4. North America Mouthwash Market – Market Landscape
4.1 Overview
4.2 PEST Analysis
4.3 Expert Opinions
4.4 Qualitative Analysis of Indications In the Region
4.4.1 North America
5. Mouthwash Market– Key Market Dynamics
5.1 Market Drivers
5.1.1 Increasing Prevalence of Dental Problems
5.1.2 Increasing Oral Hygiene Campaigns
5.2 Market Restraints
5.2.1 Excessive Use of Mouthwash Resulting To Have Negative Impact On Health
5.3 Market Opportunities
5.3.1 Increasing Online Purchase of Oral Care Products
5.4 Future Trends
5.4.1 Rise in Adoption of Alcohol-Free Mouthwash
5.5 Impact Analysis
6. Mouthwash Market – North America Analysis
6.1 North America Mouthwash Market Revenue Forecast and Analysis
7. North America Mouthwash Market – Product Type
7.1 Overview
7.2 Mouthwash Market Share, Product, 2019 and 2027 (%)
7.3 Fluoride
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Fluoride: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
7.4 Cosmetics
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Cosmetics: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
7.5 Antiseptics
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Antiseptics: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
7.6 Oral Gels
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Oral Gels: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
8. North America Mouthwash Market– Flavour
8.1 Overview
8.2 Mouthwash Market Share, Flavour, 2019 and 2027 (%)
8.3 Active Salt
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Active Salt: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
8.4 Mint Fresh Tea
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Mint Fresh Tea: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
8.5 Natural Lemon
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Natural Lemon: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
8.6 Herbs
8.6.1 Overview
8.6.2 Herbs: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
8.7 Fruit and Gums
8.7.1 Overview
8.7.2 Fruit and Gums: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9. North America Mouthwash Market– Indication
9.1 Overview
9.2 Mouthwash Market Share, Indication, 2019 and 2027 (%)
9.3 Mouth Ulcers
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Mouth Ulcers: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.4 Aphthous Ulcers
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Aphthous Ulcers: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.5 Post Oral Surgery
9.5.1 Overview
9.5.2 Post Oral Surgery: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.6 Oral Lesions
9.6.1 Overview
9.6.2 Oral Lesions: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.7 Periodontitis
9.7.1 Overview
9.7.2 Periodontitis: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.8 Gingivitis
9.8.1 Overview
9.8.2 Gingivitis: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.9 Receding Gums
9.9.1 Overview
9.9.2 Receding Gums: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.10 Frequent Dry Mouth
9.10.1 Overview
9.10.2 Frequent Dry Mouth: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.11 Chronic Bad Breath
9.11.1 Overview
9.11.2 Chronic Bad Breath: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
9.12 Toothache
9.12.1 Overview
9.12.2 Toothache: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
10. North America Mouthwash Market – By Distribution Channel
10.1 Overview
10.2 Mouthwash Market Revenue Share, by Distribution Channel (2019 and 2027)
10.3 Hypermarkets
10.3.1 Overview
10.3.2 Hypermarket: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
10.4 Supermarket
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Supermarket: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
10.5 Online Stores
10.5.1 Overview
10.5.2 Online Stores: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
10.6 Hospital Pharmacies
10.6.1 Overview
10.6.2 Hospital Pharmacies: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
10.7 Independent Pharmacies/Drugstores
10.7.1 Overview
10.7.2 Independent Pharmacies/Drugstores: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
10.8 Independent Grocery Stores
10.8.1 Overview
10.8.2 Independent Grocery Stores: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
11. North America Mouthwash Market – By End User
11.1 Overview
11.2 Mouthwash Market Revenue Share, by End User (2019 and 2027)
11.3 Adults
11.3.1 Overview
11.3.2 Adults: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
11.4 Kids
11.4.1 Overview
11.4.2 Kids: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
12. North America Mouthwash Market – Country Analysis
12.1 North America: Mouthwash Market
12.1.1 Overview
12.1.3 North America: Mouthwash Market, by Country, 2019& 2027 (%)
12.1.3.1 US: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.1.1 US: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.1.2 US: Mouthwash Market, by Product Type, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.1.3 US: Mouthwash Market, by Flavour, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.1.4 US: Mouthwash Market, by Indication, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.1.5 US: Mouthwash Market, by Distribution Channel, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.1.6 US: Mouthwash Market, by End User, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.2 Canada: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.2.1 Canada: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.2.2 Canada: Mouthwash Market, by Product Type, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.2.3 Canada: Mouthwash Market, by Flavour, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.2.4 Canada: Mouthwash Market, by Indication, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.2.5 Canada: Mouthwash Market, by Distribution Channel, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.2.6 Canada: Mouthwash Market, by End User, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.3 Mexico: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.3.1 Mexico: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.3.2 Mexico: Mouthwash Market, by Product Type, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.3.3 Mexico: Mouthwash Market, by Flavour, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.3.4 Mexico: Mouthwash Market, by Indication, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.3.5 Mexico: Mouthwash Market, by Distribution Channel, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3.3.6 Mexico: Mouthwash Market, by End User, 2018–2027 (USD Million)
13. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on North America Mouthwash Market
13.1 North America: Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic
14. North America Mouthwash Market–Industry Landscape
14.1 Overview
14.2 Growth Strategies Done by the Companies in the Market, (%)
14.3 Organic Developments
14.3.1 Overview
14.4 Inorganic Developments
14.4.1 Overview
15. Company Profiles
15.1 Colgate-Palmolive Company
15.1.1 Key Facts
15.1.2 Business Description
15.1.3 Products and Services
15.1.4 Financial Overview
15.1.5 SWOT Analysis
15.1.6 Key Developments
15.2 Procter & Gamble
15.2.1 Key Facts
15.2.2 Business Description
15.2.3 Products and Services
15.2.4 Financial Overview
15.2.5 SWOT Analysis
15.2.6 Key Developments
15.3 GlaxoSmithKline plc.
15.3.1 Key Facts
15.3.2 Business Description
15.3.3 Products and Services
15.3.4 Financial Overview
15.3.5 SWOT Analysis
15.3.6 Key Developments
15.4 Unilever
15.4.1 Key Facts
15.4.2 Business Description
15.4.3 Products and Services
15.4.4 Financial Overview
15.4.5 SWOT Analysis
15.4.6 Key Developments
15.5 Johnson and Johnson Services, Inc.
15.5.1 Key Facts
15.5.2 Business Description
15.5.3 Products and Services
15.5.4 Financial Overview
15.5.5 SWOT Analysis
15.5.6 Key Developments
15.6 The Himalaya Drug Company
15.6.1 Key Facts
15.6.2 Business Description
15.6.3 Products and Services
15.6.4 Financial Overview
15.6.5 SWOT Analysis
15.6.6 Key Developments
15.7 Lion Corporation
15.7.1 Key Facts
15.7.2 Business Description
15.7.3 Products and Services
15.7.4 Financial Overview
15.7.5 SWOT Analysis
15.7.6 Key Developments
15.8 Amway
15.8.1 Key Facts
15.8.2 Business Description
15.8.3 Products and Services
15.8.4 Financial Overview
15.8.5 SWOT Analysis
15.8.6 Key Developments
15.9 Church & Dwight, Inc.
15.9.1 Key Facts
15.9.2 Business Description
15.9.3 Products and Services
15.9.4 Financial Overview
15.9.5 SWOT Analysis
15.9.6 Key Developments
15.10 SmartMouth Oral Health Laboratories
15.10.1 Key Facts
15.10.2 Business Description
15.10.3 Products and Services
15.10.4 Financial Overview
15.10.5 SWOT Analysis
15.10.6 Key Developments
16. Appendix
16.1 About The Insight Partners
16.2 Glossary of TermsLIST OF TABLES
Table 1. North America Mouthwash Market –Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Table 2. US Mouthwash Market, by Product Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 3. US Mouthwash Market, by Flavor, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 4. US Mouthwash Market, by Indication, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 5. US Mouthwash Market, by Distribution Channel, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 6. US Mouthwash Market, by End User, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 7. Canada Mouthwash Market, by Product Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 8. Canada Mouthwash Market, by Flavor, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 9. Canada Mouthwash Market, by Indication, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 10. Canada Mouthwash Market, by Distribution Channel, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 11. Canada Mouthwash Market, by End User, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 12. Mexico Mouthwash Market, by Product Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 13. Mexico Mouthwash Market, by Flavor, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 14. Mexico Mouthwash Market, by Indication, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 15. Mexico Mouthwash Market, by Distribution Channel, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 16. Mexico Mouthwash Market, by End User, – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 17. Organic Developments Done By Companies
Table 18. Inorganic Developments Done By Companies
Table 19. Glossary of Terms, Mouthwash MarketLIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Mouthwash Market Segmentation
Figure 2. Mouthwash Market Segmentation, By Country
Figure 3. Mouthwash Market Overview
Figure 4. Cosmetics Product Type Segment Held Largest Share of Mouthwash Market
Figure 5. US to Show Significant Growth During Forecast Period
Figure 6. North America Mouthwash Market, Industry Landscape
Figure 7. North America PEST Analysis
Figure 8. Mouthwash Market impact analysis of driver and restraints
Figure 9. North America Mouthwash Market – Revenue Forecast and Analysis – 2019- 2027
Figure 10. Mouthwash Market Share, Product, 2019 and 2027 (%)
Figure 11. Fluoride: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 12. Cosmetics: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 13. Antiseptics: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 14. Oral Gels: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 15. Mouthwash Market Share, Flavor, 2019 and 2027 (%)
Figure 16. Active Salt: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 17. Mint Fresh Tea: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 18. Natural Lemon: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 19. Herbs: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 20. Fruit and Gums: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 21. Mouthwash Market Share, Indication, 2019 and 2027 (%)
Figure 22. Mouth Ulcers: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 23. Aphthous Ulcers: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 24. Post Oral Surgery: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 25. Oral Lesions: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 26. Periodontitis: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 27. Gingivitis: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 28. Receding Gums: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 29. Frequent Dry Mouth: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 30. Chronic Bad Breath: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 31. Toothache: Mouthwash Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ million)
Figure 32. Mouthwash Market Revenue Share, by Distribution Channel (2019 and 2027)
Figure 33. Hypermarket: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Supermarket: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Online Stores: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Hospital Pharmacies: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Independent Pharmacies/Drug Stores: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Independent Grocery Stores: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Mouthwash Market Revenue Share, by End User (2019 and 2027)
Figure 40. Adults: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Kids: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 42. North America: Mouthwash Market, by Key Country – Revenue (2019) (USD Million)
Figure 43. North America: Mouthwash Market, by Country, 2019 & 2027 (%)
Figure 44. US: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 45. Canada: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 46. Mexico: Mouthwash Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 47. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mouthwash Market in North American Countries
Figure 48. Growth Strategies Done by the Companies in the Market, (%)- Colgate-Palmolive Company
- Procter & Gamble
- GlaxoSmithKline plc.
- Unilever
- Johnson and Johnson Services, Inc.
- The Himalaya Drug Company
- Lion Corporation
- Amway
- Church & Dwight, Inc.
- SmartMouth Oral Health Laboratories
- Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players, and segments in the North America mouthwash market.
- Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies
- The key findings and recommendations highlight crucial progressive industry trends in the North America mouthwash market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies
- Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets
- Scrutinize in-depth North America market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the North America mouthwash market, as well as those hindering it
- Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin commercial interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing and distribution