2030年までのヨーロッパの産業用PPE市場予測 - 地域分析 - タイプ別(手と腕の保護、身体の保護、呼吸器の保護、頭と顔の保護、その他)、素材(天然ゴム、ビニール、ポリエチレン、ニトリルなど)、最後- 使用業界 (製造、建設、石油・ガス、医薬品など) および流通チャネル (卸売業者、全国小売業者、地域小売業者、オンライン プラットフォーム)

BMIRE00029698 | Pages: 106 | Chemicals and Materials | Feb 2024 | Type: Regional | Status: Published
ヨーロッパの産業用PPE市場は2022年に159億6,341万米ドルと評価され、2030年までに277億9,557万米ドルに達すると予想されています。 2022 年から 2030 年にかけて 7.2% の CAGR で成長すると推定されています。

主要市場参加者による戦略的展開 安全性がヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場を促進

企業はさまざまな取り組みを通じて市場での存在感を拡大しています。製品の発売や技術革新などの戦略的開発。 2022 年 1 月、キンバリー クラークはキムテック オパール ニトリル グローブを発売しました。この手袋は、長時間の着用時の快適性と強い触覚感度を提供します。パウダーフリー手袋は、加硫促進剤、添加硫黄、天然ゴムラテックスを使用せずに作られており、タイプ I およびタイプ IV の手袋に関連する皮膚疾患のリスクを低減することで用途を保護します。これらの手袋には、独自の皮膚保護機能である Low Derma Technology も搭載されていると主張されていました。ウェアラブル技術は、建設作業員の心拍数や体温などのバイタルサインを監視し、潜在的な危険を警告することで安全性を向上させるのに役立つため、世界中の建設業界で普及しつつあります。建設機械には、ガス漏れ、過度の熱、騒音公害を感知して作業員に警告できるセンサーが付いています。その結果、建設チームは問題に迅速に対処できるようになります。外骨格は、建設作業員が体重を均等に分散し、リフトをサポートできるようにするウェアラブル機械です。したがって、従業員の長期的な怪我のリスクが軽減されます。いくつかのメーカーが安全を目的として外骨格を開発しています。 2019年9月、現代自動車グループは、頭上の環境で長時間働く産業労働者を支援するために作られたウェアラブルロボットである新しいベスト外骨格(VEX)を開発した。この VEX は、人間の関節の動きを模倣して荷重サポートと可動性を高めることで、生産性を向上させ、作業者の疲労を軽減します。したがって、絶え間ない製品の発売と技術革新により、産業用個人用保護具(PPE)市場の成長が促進されます。

ヨーロッパの産業用個人用保護具 (PPE) 市場の概要

ヨーロッパの産業用個人用保護具 (PPE) 市場は、ドイツ、フランス、イタリア、英国、ロシア、およびその他のヨーロッパに分割されています。製造、建設、石油・ガス、製薬などの最も著名な業界では、労働災害の件数が増加し、非常に効果的で高品質の産業用保護具に対する需要が高まっているため、この地域での産業用個人用保護具 (PPE) の普及が促進されています。英国、ドイツ、フランスなどの国々には先進的なビジネスインフラがあり、市場の成長にさらに貢献しています。この市場における最も重要なトレンドには、多用途でウェアラブルなアクセサリー、持続可能な衣類、新しい組み込み技術の開発が含まれます。欧州での新型コロナウイルス感染症(COVID-19)のパンデミック以来、従業員に関する法整備は絶えず進化しており、企業は従業員の安全と健康に関する費用を負担している。ヨーロッパでの建設現場の数の増加とパンデミックの不確実性により、PPEの必要性がますます高まり、市場を牽引しました。発展したサプライチェーンと産業用個人用保護具 (PPE) の製造に使用される材料に関する高品質管理が、西ヨーロッパの産業用個人用保護具 (PPE) 市場を牽引しています。発展途上国輸入促進センター (CBI) の 2021 年報告書によると、2020 年のヨーロッパにおける産業用衣類および付属品の輸入市場のトップは、ドイツ、フランス、オランダ、ベルギー、イタリア、ポーランドでした。
< br>ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場の収益と 2030 年までの予測 (百万米ドル)

ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場のセグメンテーション

ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場は、タイプ、材料、最終用途産業に基づいて分類されています、流通チャネル、および国。ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場は、タイプに基づいて、手と腕の保護、身体の保護、呼吸器の保護、頭と顔の保護などに分類されます。 2022 年には、手と腕の保護セグメントが最大の市場シェアを獲得しました。

ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場は、材料に基づいて、天然ゴム、ビニール、ポリエチレン、ニトリルなどに分類されます。その他のセグメントは、2022 年に最大の市場シェアを保持しました。

ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場は、最終用途産業に基づいて、製造、建設、石油・ガス、医薬品などに分類されます。その他のセグメントが 2022 年に最大の市場シェアを保持しました。

流通チャネルに基づいて、ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場は卸売業者、全国小売業者、地域小売業者、オンライン プラットフォームに分類されます。卸売業者セグメントは、2022 年に最大の市場シェアを保持しました。

国に基づいて、ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場はドイツ、フランス、イタリア、英国、ロシア、およびその他のヨーロッパに分割されています。 2022 年のヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場シェアは、ヨーロッパのその他の地域が独占しました。

Honeywell International Inc.;レイクランド・インダストリーズ社;デュポン・ド・ヌムール社; 3M社;アンセル株式会社; VF コーポレーション;アラマーク;ハルタフォースグループAB。キンバリークラーク社;および WL Gore and Associates, Inc. は、ヨーロッパの産業用 PPE 市場で活動する主要企業の一部です。

Table of Content
1. Introduction
1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.2 Market Segmentation
2. Executive Summary
2.1 Key Insights
2.2 Market Attractiveness
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Coverage
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research
4. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Landscape
4.1 Overview
4.2 PEST Analysis
4.2.1 Europe
5. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market - Key Industry Dynamics
5.1 Market Drivers
5.1.1 Supportive Government Regulations for Workplace Safety
5.1.2 Strategic Developments by Key Market Players
5.2 Market Restraints
5.2.1 Growing Adoption of Industrial Automation
5.3 Market Opportunities
5.3.1 Rising Adoption of E-Commerce Sales Channel
5.4 Future Trends
5.4.1 Increasing Demand for Smart PPE
5.5 Impact of Drivers and Restraints:
6. Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market - Europe Market Analysis
6.1 Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2022 - 2030
6.2 Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Forecast and Analysis
7. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Analysis - Type
7.1 Hand and Arm Protection
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Hand and Arm Protection Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
7.2 Body Protection
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Body Protection Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
7.3 Respiratory Protection
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Respiratory Protection Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
7.4 Head and Face Protection
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Head and Face Protection Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
7.5 Others
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Others Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Analysis - Material
8.1 Natural Rubber
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Natural Rubber Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8.2 Vinyl
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Vinyl Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8.3 Polyethylene
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Polyethylene Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8.4 Nitrile
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Nitrile Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8.5 Others
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Others Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Analysis - End-Use Industry
9.1 Manufacturing
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Manufacturing Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2 Construction
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 Construction Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3 Oil and Gas
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Oil and Gas Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4 Pharmaceuticals
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Pharmaceuticals Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5 Others
9.5.1 Overview
9.5.2 Others Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
10. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Analysis - Distribution Channel
10.1 Wholesalers
10.1.1 Overview
10.1.2 Wholesalers Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
10.2 National Retailers
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 National Retailers Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
10.3 Regional Retailers
10.3.1 Overview
10.3.2 Regional Retailers Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
10.4 Online Platforms
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Online Platforms Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
11. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market - Country Analysis
11.1 Europe
11.1.1 Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Overview
11.1.2 Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Countries
11.1.2.1 Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) market Breakdown by Country
11.1.2.2 Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
11.1.2.2.1 Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Type
11.1.2.2.2 Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Material
11.1.2.2.3 Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by End-Use Industry
11.1.2.2.4 Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Distribution Channel
11.1.2.3 France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
11.1.2.3.1 France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Type
11.1.2.3.2 France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Material
11.1.2.3.3 France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by End-Use Industry
11.1.2.3.4 France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Distribution Channel
11.1.2.4 Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
11.1.2.4.1 Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Type
11.1.2.4.2 Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Material
11.1.2.4.3 Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by End-Use Industry
11.1.2.4.4 Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Distribution Channel
11.1.2.5 UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
11.1.2.5.1 UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Type
11.1.2.5.2 UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Material
11.1.2.5.3 UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by End-Use Industry
11.1.2.5.4 UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Distribution Channel
11.1.2.6 Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
11.1.2.6.1 Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Type
11.1.2.6.2 Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Material
11.1.2.6.3 Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by End-Use Industry
11.1.2.6.4 Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Distribution Channel
11.1.2.7 Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
11.1.2.7.1 Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Type
11.1.2.7.2 Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Material
11.1.2.7.3 Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by End-Use Industry
11.1.2.7.4 Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Breakdown by Distribution Channel
12. Competitive Landscape
12.1 Heat Map Analysis By Key Players
13. Company Profiles
13.1 Honeywell International Inc
13.1.1 Key Facts
13.1.2 Business Description
13.1.3 Products and Services
13.1.4 Financial Overview
13.1.5 SWOT Analysis
13.1.6 Key Developments
13.2 Lakeland Industries Inc
13.2.1 Key Facts
13.2.2 Business Description
13.2.3 Products and Services
13.2.4 Financial Overview
13.2.5 SWOT Analysis
13.2.6 Key Developments
13.3 DuPont de Nemours Inc
13.3.1 Key Facts
13.3.2 Business Description
13.3.3 Products and Services
13.3.4 Financial Overview
13.3.5 SWOT Analysis
13.3.6 Key Developments
13.4 3M Co
13.4.1 Key Facts
13.4.2 Business Description
13.4.3 Products and Services
13.4.4 Financial Overview
13.4.5 SWOT Analysis
13.4.6 Key Developments
13.5 Ansell Ltd
13.5.1 Key Facts
13.5.2 Business Description
13.5.3 Products and Services
13.5.4 Financial Overview
13.5.5 SWOT Analysis
13.5.6 Key Developments
13.6 VF Corp
13.6.1 Key Facts
13.6.2 Business Description
13.6.3 Products and Services
13.6.4 Financial Overview
13.6.5 SWOT Analysis
13.6.6 Key Developments
13.7 Hultafors Group AB
13.7.1 Key Facts
13.7.2 Business Description
13.7.3 Products and Services
13.7.4 Financial Overview
13.7.5 SWOT Analysis
13.7.6 Key Developments
13.8 Aramark
13.8.1 Key Facts
13.8.2 Business Description
13.8.3 Products and Services
13.8.4 Financial Overview
13.8.5 SWOT Analysis
13.8.6 Key Developments
13.9 Kimberly-Clark Corp
13.9.1 Key Facts
13.9.2 Business Description
13.9.3 Products and Services
13.9.4 Financial Overview
13.9.5 SWOT Analysis
13.9.6 Key Developments
13.10 W. L. Gore and Associates Inc
13.10.1 Key Facts
13.10.2 Business Description
13.10.3 Products and Services
13.10.4 Financial Overview
13.10.5 SWOT Analysis
13.10.6 Key Developments
14. Appendix



List of Tables
Table 1. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Segmentation
Table 2. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Type
Table 4. Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Material
Table 5. Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By End-Use Industry
Table 6. Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Distribution Channel
Table 7. France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Type
Table 8. France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Material
Table 9. France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By End-Use Industry
Table 10. France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Distribution Channel
Table 11. Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Type
Table 12. Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Material
Table 13. Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By End-Use Industry
Table 14. Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Distribution Channel
Table 15. UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Type
Table 16. UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Material
Table 17. UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By End-Use Industry
Table 18. UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Distribution Channel
Table 19. Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Type
Table 20. Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Material
Table 21. Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By End-Use Industry
Table 22. Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Distribution Channel
Table 23. Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Type
Table 24. Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Material
Table 25. Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By End-Use Industry
Table 26. Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million) - By Distribution Channel
Table 27. Company Positioning & Concentration

List of Figures
Figure 1. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Segmentation, By Country
Figure 2. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market - Key Industry Dynamics
Figure 3. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
Figure 4. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
Figure 5. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Share (%) - Type, 2022 and 2030
Figure 6. Hand and Arm Protection Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Body Protection Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Respiratory Protection Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Head and Face Protection Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Others Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Share (%) - Material, 2022 and 2030
Figure 12. Natural Rubber Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Vinyl Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Polyethylene Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Nitrile Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 16. Others Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 17. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Share (%) - End-Use Industry, 2022 and 2030
Figure 18. Manufacturing Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 19. Construction Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 20. Oil and Gas Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Pharmaceuticals Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Others Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Share (%) - Distribution Channel, 2022 and 2030
Figure 24. Wholesalers Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. National Retailers Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Regional Retailers Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Online Platforms Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Number of Fatal Work-Related Incidents to Workers and Nonworkers
Figure 29. Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) market, by Country - Revenue (2022) (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) market Breakdown by Key Countries, 2022 and 2030 (%)
Figure 31. Germany Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 32. France Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Italy Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 34. UK Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Russia Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Rest of Europe Industrial Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)

1. Honeywell International Inc.
2. Lakeland Industries, Inc.
3. DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
4. 3M Co.
5. Ansell Ltd.
6. VF Corp
7. Aramark
8. Kimberly-Clark Corp.
9. W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc.
10. Hultafors Group AB

  • Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players, and segments in the Europe industrial PPE market.
  • Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies
  • The key findings and recommendations highlight crucial progressive industry trends in the Europe industrial PPE market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies
  • Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets
  • Scrutinize in-depth Europe market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the Europe industrial PPE market, as well as those hindering it
  • Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin commercial interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing, and distribution
Report Code
Full Name
Country Name
Email Id
Phone Number
Job Title
Company
Requirement

Note : Your data will never be shared with third parties, however, we may send you information from time to time about our products that may be of interest to you. By submitting your details, you agree to be contacted by us. You may contact us at any time to opt-out.


Purchase Options
Single User License
$3550
$2840
Site License
$4550
$3640
Enterprise License
$5550
$4440