Pronóstico del mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos en Europa hasta 2031: análisis regional por producto (productos para el cuidado de la vista, dispositivos quirúrgicos y dispositivos de diagnóstico y monitoreo), aplicación (cataratas, glaucoma, trastornos refractarios, trastornos vítreorretinianos y otras aplicaciones) y usuario final (hospitales y clínicas oftalmológicas, laboratorios académicos y de investigación y otros usuarios finales)
Los avances tecnológicos en dispositivos oftálmicos impulsan el mercado europeo de dispositivos oftalmológicos
La innovación tecnológica siempre ha sido fundamental para cualquier disciplina de las ciencias de la vida, incluida la oftalmología, ya que los dispositivos modernos son clave para un diagnóstico preciso y tratamientos mejorados. Los avances en medicamentos, dispositivos de diagnóstico, sistemas láser y técnicas quirúrgicas han permitido mejorar el diagnóstico del glaucoma, las cataratas y la degeneración macular, y la enfermedad del ojo seco. La realidad virtual, las imágenes en 3D, el big data y la inteligencia artificial (IA) se están utilizando para el análisis de datos en oftalmología. Estas herramientas han hecho posible obtener resultados precisos y fiables. Herramientas como la IA se están utilizando en la detección de la retinopatía diabética, la detección de lesiones y el seguimiento del progreso de ciertas enfermedades como la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad o el edema macular. Sin embargo, estas herramientas aún están en desarrollo, ya que se está evaluando su idoneidad en aplicaciones de diagnóstico y pronóstico en patologías oculares. Las cirugías mínimamente invasivas como la cirugía LASIK (es decir, queratomileusis in situ asistida por láser), la cirugía láser de femtosegundo, el tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética con múltiples longitudes de onda y la facoemulsificación por ultrasonidos probablemente aumentarán la demanda de dispositivos oftalmológicos, lo que a su vez impulsará el crecimiento general del mercado.
Descripción general del mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos en Europa
El mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos en Europa se clasifica en Alemania, Francia, el Reino Unido, España, Italia y el resto de Europa. Se espera que países como Alemania e Italia representen una parte importante del mercado en la región, y es probable que países como Francia, el Reino Unido y España experimenten oportunidades para el crecimiento del mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos durante el período de pronóstico. Se espera que el mercado europeo de dispositivos oftalmológicos crezca en los próximos años con el aumento de casos de enfermedades oculares y la creciente adopción de diversas técnicas en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esas enfermedades oculares. Según la Oficina Federal de Estadística (Destatis), 16,2 millones de personas en Alemania tenían 67 años o más a fines de 2021, y se proyecta que la cifra alcance los 21,6 millones para 2060. Además, los problemas de la vista son más comunes entre los adultos mayores. La incidencia de enfermedades relacionadas con los ojos está aumentando con el aumento del envejecimiento de la población en Alemania, lo que impulsa la demanda de dispositivos oftalmológicos. Por lo tanto, la prevalencia significativa de enfermedades oculares en Alemania impulsa el crecimiento del mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos.
Ingresos y pronóstico del mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos en Europa hasta 2031 (millones de USD)
Segmentación del mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos en Europa
El mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos en Europa está segmentado según el producto, la aplicación, el usuario final y el país.
Según el producto, el mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos de América del Norte está segmentado en productos para el cuidado de la vista, dispositivos quirúrgicos y dispositivos de diagnóstico y monitoreo. El segmento de productos para el cuidado de la vista tuvo la mayor participación en 2023.
En términos de aplicación, el mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos de América del Norte está segmentado en contracto, glaucoma, trastornos refractarios, trastornos vítreorretinianos y otras aplicaciones. El segmento de glaucoma tuvo la mayor participación en 2023.
Por usuario final, el mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos de América del Norte está segmentado en hospitales y clínicas oftalmológicas, laboratorios académicos y de investigación y otros usuarios finales. El segmento de hospitales y clínicas oftalmológicas tuvo la mayor participación en 2023.
Según el país, el mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos de Europa se clasifica en Alemania, Francia, Reino Unido, Italia, España y el resto de Europa. Alemania dominó el mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos de Europa en 2023.
Los actores clave que operan en el mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos de Europa son Johnson & Johnson Vision Care Inc, Alcon AG, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Bausch & Lomb Inc, Essilor Intonational SAS, Nidek Co Ltd, Topcon Corp, Haag-Streit AG, Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG y Hoya Corp son algunas de las empresas líderes que operan en el mercado de dispositivos oftalmológicos de Europa.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.2 Market Segmentation
2. Executive Summary
2.1 Key Insights
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Secondary Research
3.2 Primary Research
3.2.1 Hypothesis formulation:
3.2.2 Macro-economic factor analysis:
3.2.3 Developing base number:
3.2.4 Data Triangulation:
3.2.5 Country level data:
4. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Key Market Dynamics
4.1 Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Key Market Dynamics
4.2 Market Drivers
4.2.1 Upsurge in Incidence of Ophthalmic Disorders
4.2.2 Increasing Number of Product Launches, Collaborations, Acquisitions
4.3 Market Restraints
4.3.1 High Cost of Ophthalmic Surgeries
4.4 Market Opportunities
4.4.1 Technological Advancements in Ophthalmic Devices
4.5 Future Trends
4.5.1 Growing Focus on Telemedicine for Eye Care Services
4.6 Impact analysis
5. Ophthalmology Devices Market -Europe Market Analysis
5.1 Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2021-2031
6. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Analysis - by Product
6.1 Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Product
6.1.1 Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Vision Care Devices
6.1.2 Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Diagnostic and Monitoring Devices
6.1.3 Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Surgical Devices
6.2 Vision Care Devices
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Vision Care Devices: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
6.3 Diagnostic and Monitoring Devices
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Diagnostic and Monitoring Devices: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
6.4 Surgical Devices
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Surgical Devices: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
7. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Analysis - by Application
7.1 Glaucoma
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Glaucoma: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
7.2 Cataract
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Cataract: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
7.3 Vitreoretinal Disorders
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Vitreoretinal Disorders: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
7.4 Refractory Disorders
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Refractory Disorders: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
7.5 Others
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Others: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
8. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Analysis - by End User
8.1 Hospitals and Eye Clinics
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Hospitals and Eye Clinics: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
8.2 Academic and Research Laboratory
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Academic and Research Laboratory: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
8.3 Others
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Others: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market -Country Analysis
9.1 Europe
9.1.1 Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast Analysis - by Country
9.1.1.1 Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.1.1.1.1 Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Product
9.1.1.1.2 Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Vision Care Devices
9.1.1.1.3 Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
9.1.1.1.4 Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Surgical Devices
9.1.1.1.5 Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Application
9.1.1.1.6 Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by End User
9.1.1.2 France: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.1.1.2.1 France: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Product
9.1.1.2.2 France: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Vision Care Devices
9.1.1.2.3 France: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
9.1.1.2.4 France: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Surgical Devices
9.1.1.2.5 France: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Application
9.1.1.2.6 France: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by End User
9.1.1.3 United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.1.1.3.1 United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Product
9.1.1.3.2 United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Vision Care Devices
9.1.1.3.3 United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
9.1.1.3.4 United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Surgical Devices
9.1.1.3.5 United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Application
9.1.1.3.6 United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by End User
9.1.1.4 Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.1.1.4.1 Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Product
9.1.1.4.2 Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Vision Care Devices
9.1.1.4.3 Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
9.1.1.4.4 Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Surgical Devices
9.1.1.4.5 Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Application
9.1.1.4.6 Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by End User
9.1.1.5 Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.1.1.5.1 Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Product
9.1.1.5.2 Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Vision Care Devices
9.1.1.5.3 Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
9.1.1.5.4 Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Surgical Devices
9.1.1.5.5 Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Application
9.1.1.5.6 Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by End User
9.1.1.6 Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.1.1.6.1 Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Product
9.1.1.6.2 Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Vision Care Devices
9.1.1.6.3 Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
9.1.1.6.4 Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Surgical Devices
9.1.1.6.5 Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Application
9.1.1.6.6 Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by End User
10. Industry Landscape
10.1 Overview
10.2 Growth Strategies in Ophthalmology Devices Market
10.3 Organic Growth Strategies
10.3.1 Overview
10.4 Inorganic Growth Strategies
10.4.1 Overview
11. Company Profiles
11.1 Johnson & Johnson Vision Care Inc
11.1.1 Key Facts
11.1.2 Business Description
11.1.3 Products and Services
11.1.4 Financial Overview
11.1.5 SWOT Analysis
11.1.6 Key Developments
11.2 Alcon AG
11.2.1 Key Facts
11.2.2 Business Description
11.2.3 Products and Services
11.2.4 Financial Overview
11.2.5 SWOT Analysis
11.2.6 Key Developments
11.3 Carl Zeiss Meditec
11.3.1 Key Facts
11.3.2 Business Description
11.3.3 Products and Services
11.3.4 Financial Overview
11.3.5 SWOT Analysis
11.3.6 Key Developments
11.4 Bausch & Lomb Inc
11.4.1 Key Facts
11.4.2 Business Description
11.4.3 Products and Services
11.4.4 Financial Overview
11.4.5 SWOT Analysis
11.4.6 Key Developments
11.5 Essilor International SAS
11.5.1 Key Facts
11.5.2 Business Description
11.5.3 Products and Services
11.5.4 Financial Overview
11.5.5 SWOT Analysis
11.5.6 Key Developments
11.6 Nidek Co Ltd
11.6.1 Key Facts
11.6.2 Business Description
11.6.3 Products and Services
11.6.4 Financial Overview
11.6.5 SWOT Analysis
11.6.6 Key Developments
11.7 Topcon Corp
11.7.1 Key Facts
11.7.2 Business Description
11.7.3 Products and Services
11.7.4 Financial Overview
11.7.5 SWOT Analysis
11.7.6 Key Developments
11.8 Haag-Streit AG
11.8.1 Key Facts
11.8.2 Business Description
11.8.3 Products and Services
11.8.4 Financial Overview
11.8.5 SWOT Analysis
11.8.6 Key Developments
11.9 Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG
11.9.1 Key Facts
11.9.2 Business Description
11.9.3 Products and Services
11.9.4 Financial Overview
11.9.5 SWOT Analysis
11.9.6 Key Developments
11.10 Hoya Corp
11.10.1 Key Facts
11.10.2 Business Description
11.10.3 Products and Services
11.10.4 Financial Overview
11.10.5 SWOT Analysis
11.10.6 Key Developments
12. Appendix
12.1 About The Insight Partners
12.2 Glossary of Terms for Ophthalmology Devices Market
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List of Tables
Table 1. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Segmentation
Table 2. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Product
Table 3. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Vision Care Devices
Table 4. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Diagnostic and Monitoring Devices
Table 5. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Surgical Devices
Table 6. Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Product
Table 7. Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Vision Care Devices
Table 8. Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
Table 9. Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Surgical Devices
Table 10. Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Application
Table 11. Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by End User
Table 12. France: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Product
Table 13. France: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Vision Care Devices
Table 14. France: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
Table 15. France: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Surgical Devices
Table 16. France: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Application
Table 17. France: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by End User
Table 18. United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Product
Table 19. United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Vision Care Devices
Table 20. United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
Table 21. United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Surgical Devices
Table 22. United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Application
Table 23. United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by End User
Table 24. Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Product
Table 25. Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Vision Care Devices
Table 26. Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
Table 27. Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Surgical Devices
Table 28. Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Application
Table 29. Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by End User
Table 30. Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Product
Table 31. Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Vision Care Devices
Table 32. Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
Table 33. Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Surgical Devices
Table 34. Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Application
Table 35. Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by End User
Table 36. Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Product
Table 37. Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Vision Care Devices
Table 38. Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Diagnostic And Monitoring Devices
Table 39. Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Surgical Devices
Table 40. Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by Application
Table 41. Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million) - by End User
Table 42. Recent Organic Growth Strategies in Ophthalmology Devices Market
Table 43. Recent Inorganic Growth Strategies in the Ophthalmology Devices Market
Table 44. Glossary of Terms
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Segmentation, by Country
Figure 2. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
Figure 3. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 4. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Share (%) - by Product (2023 and 2031)
Figure 5. Vision Care Devices: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Diagnostic and Monitoring Devices: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Surgical Devices: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Share (%) - by Application (2023 and 2031)
Figure 9. Glaucoma: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Cataract: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Vitreoretinal Disorders: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 12. Refractory Disorders: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Others: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market Share (%) - by End User (2023 and 2031)
Figure 15. Hospitals and Eye Clinics: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 16. Academic and Research Laboratory: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 17. Others: Europe Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 18. Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue by Key Countries Revenue 2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 19. Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market Breakdown, by Key Countries, 2023 and 2031 (%)
Figure 20. Germany: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million)
Figure 21. France: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million)
Figure 22. United Kingdom: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million)
Figure 23. Italy: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million)
Figure 24. Spain: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million)
Figure 25. Rest of Europe: Ophthalmology Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031(US$ Million)
Figure 26. Growth Strategies in Ophthalmology Devices Market
- Johnson & Johnson Vision Care Inc
- Alcon AG
- Carl Zeiss Meditec
- Bausch & Lomb Inc
- Essilor Intonational SAS
- Nidek Co Ltd
- Topcon Corp
- Haag-Streit AG
- Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG
- Hoya Corp
- Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players, and segments in the Europe ophthalmology devices market.
- Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies.
- The key findings and recommendations highlight crucial progressive industry trends in Europe ophthalmology devices market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies.
- Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets.
- Scrutinize in-depth Europe market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the market, as well as those hindering it.
- Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin security interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing, and distribution.